Potential Hypoglycemic and Antilipidemic Activity of Polyphenols from Passiflora ligularis (Granadilla).

The consumption of fruits or by-products from plants of the Passifloraceae family has been associated with multiple health and nutritional benefits, due to their phenolic compound content. Likewise, the effects of polyphenols from Camellia sinensis (green tea) have been explored and are considered a reference for different biological actions of these bioactive substances. This study compared the hypoglycemic and antilipemic activity of polyphenol-rich extracts of Passiflora ligularis Juss (passion fruit) and Camellia sinensis (green tea) given to a group of Wistar rats induced to be overweight. The individuals were subjected to three doses of supplementation of both sources of polyphenols in the drinking water. An additional group without polyphenol supplementation served as a control group. Water consumption, weight gain, glycemia, cholesterol, serum triglycerides and percentage of fecal ethereal extracts were analyzed. Although Passiflora ligularis Juss had five times less polyphenol content than Camellia sinensis, rats fed doses of 2.5 and 3.0 g/L Passiflora ligularis Juss showed reduced glycemia by 16%, suggesting an antiglycemic activity similar to that of Camellia sinensis. On the other hand, higher doses of polyphenols from Passiflora ligularis Juss and Camellia sinensis significantly reduced triglyceride levels (p = 0.05) by more than 17% compared to the unsupplemented control group. The polyphenol-rich extracts produced effective inhibitory activity of lipemic metabolites with a reduction in the percentage of fecal lipids (p < 0.05), with no side effects on liver tissue. The 3.0 g/L dose produced the best result on signs of metabolic syndrome associated with excess weight. Polyphenols extracted from fresh Colombian passion fruit showed the potential to decrease metabolic syndrome risk factors in a murine model.

Effect of 8-Week Consumption of a Dietary Pattern Based on Fruit, Avocado, Whole Grains, and Trout on Postprandial Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Gene Expression in Obese People.

Overweight and obesity constitute a major global public health problem. Healthy dietary patterns induce changes at the molecular level. Currently, there are no studies evaluating the effect of a diet based on fruit, avocado, whole grains, and trout (FAWGT diet) on the expression of obesity-related genes. This randomized controlled crossover study included 44 obese Colombians with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 who followed either a FAWGT diet or a usual diet (UD) characterized by a high intake of saturated fat and foods rich in processed carbohydrates. After 8 weeks of intervention, a postprandial expression study of inflammation and oxidative stress-related genes was carried out with a real-time PCR. The intervention with a FAWGT diet decreased the expression of inflammatory (NFKB1, IL6, IL1ß) and oxidative stress (NFE2L2) genes compared with the intake of the UD. Finally, the postprandial expression of NFkB1 was positively correlated with triglyceride levels after a dietary intervention with the FAWGT diet and the IL1ß gene, and likewise with insulin levels after following the usual diet. The consumption of the FAWGT diet for 8 weeks reduced the inflammatory status; thus, it can be considered a valid alternative to other healthy diets, since it induces beneficial changes on the genes involved in inflammation and oxidative stress in obese people.

Cut-off points for low skeletal muscle mass in older adults: Colombia versus other populations.

Background: The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in the Elderly defined sarcopenia as a geriatric syndrome with a diagnostic criteria of low skeletal muscle mass (LMM). Various sarcopenia consensuses recommend as cut-offs for LMM, the use of below 2 SDs from the mean skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) of a young reference group. Given the contrast between reported cut-offs, the objective of this study was to establish cut-offs for LMM from older adults in Manizales and compare them with those published in the literature. Methods: This was a prospective, cross-sectional analytical study in 237 healthy elderly patients from the city of Manizales, Colombia. Anthropometric measurements of weight, height and body mass index were estimated. The SMI was estimated with the Xitron Technologies bioimpedance meter using the Janssen formula. For the comparison of SMI cut-offs, studies that evaluated this parameter with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) were taken into account, in addition to being obtained from the -2 SD from the sex-specific mean of a young reference group. Results: The cut-off points for SMI were 8.0 kg/m 2 for men and 6.1 kg/m 2 for women. There was a statistically significant difference when evaluating LMM from the cut-offs of the present study and those reported in Spain, Turkey, and Finland. The cut-off points of SMI derived from this sample of Colombian men and women may be adequate for the diagnosis in the Colombian geriatric population. However, we did not find significant differences when comparing the cut-offs for SMI from a population of older adults and young adults from the same city. Conclusions: The cut-off points of SMI by BIA derived from a sample of Colombian men and women may be adequate for the diagnosis of LMM in the Colombian geriatric population or populations with similar characteristics to those of the sample evaluated here.

Flavonoid/Polyphenol Ratio in Mauritia flexuosa and Theobroma grandiflorum as an Indicator of Effective Antioxidant Action.

Studies on polyphenols and flavonoids in natural products reveal benefits in the prevention of multiple diseases. Proper extraction, treatment of extracts, and quantification of polyphenols and flavonoids demand attention from the scientific community in order to report more specific biological action. Total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) (measured at three different times) of ethanol, methanol and acetone extracts of Mauritia flexuosa (aguaje) and Theobroma grandiflorum (copoazú) fresh pulp, from the Colombian Amazon region, were evaluated with the purpose of focusing in the polyphenol/flavonoid proportion and its effective antioxidant activity. This objective could help to explain specific flavonoid biological action based on higher flavonoid proportion rather than higher total polyphenol content. Differences in extracting solvents resulted in statistically significant different yields; the highest TPC was observed with acetone 70% in Mauritia flexuosa and ethanol 80% for T. grandiflorum. The best flavonoid/polyphenol ratio in M. flexuosa was about 1:2.4 and 1:12.8 in T. grandiflorum and the antioxidant efficacy was proportionally higher for flavonoids extracted from T. grandiflorum. HPLC analysis revealed 54 µg/g of the flavonoid kaempferol in M. Flexuosa and 29 µg/g in T. grandiflorum. Further studies evaluating this proportionality, in seeds or peel of fruits, as well as, other specific biological activities, could help to understand the detailed flavonoid action without focusing on the high total polyphenol content.

Alternative Foods in Cardio-Healthy Dietary Models That Improve Postprandial Lipemia and Insulinemia in Obese People.

Obesity is one of the major health problems worldwide. Following healthy dietary patterns can be difficult in some countries due to the lack of availability of certain foods; thus, alternative foods are needed. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of a dietary pattern consisting of fruit, avocado, whole grains, and trout (FAWGT) on postprandial insulinemia and lipemia in obese Colombian subjects. A randomized controlled crossover study was conducted, in which 44 subjects with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 followed either a FAWGT diet or a diet high in saturated fat and rich in processed carbohydrates. Levels of lipids and carbohydrates were measured during the postprandial state. The FAWGT diet reduced fasting insulin, VLDL, and HOMA-IR after 8 weeks (p < 0.05), while there was a lower postprandial increase in TG, VLDL, and insulin levels after both acute and chronic intake of FAWGT diet (p < 0.05). The intake of FAWGT-diet was characterized by high consumption of foods rich in fiber, MUFAs, and vitamins C and E (p < 0.05). The consumption of a diet composed of fruit, avocado, whole grains, and trout has emerged as a valid alternative to the foods included in other heart-healthy diets since it improves postprandial lipemia and insulinemia in obese people and has similar beneficial effects to these healthy models.

Polyphenols from Passiflora ligularis Regulate Inflammatory Markers and Weight Gain.

Weight-related disorders affect more than half of the adult population worldwide; they are also concomitant with a state of chronic low-grade inflammation manifesting in abnormal cytokine production. The present study evaluated the effect of polyphenol and flavonoid extract from Passiflora ligularis (granadilla) on low-grade inflammation and body weight in overweight Wistar rats. To induce weight-gain, rats were fed a chow diet with 30% sucrose water and supplemented with 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 g/L polyphenol extracts (n = 16). The design was a 3 +1 factorial model performed for 42 days (granadilla polyphenols, 3 levels of supplementation, and 1 control group). In addition to total polyphenol and total flavonoid content, the major identified and quantified polyphenol, via UHPLC, was ferulic acid. Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were evaluated in serum. A decline in the concentration of TNF-α and in weight-gain was found in P. ligularis (granadilla) groups treated with the 2.5 g/L dose. Consumption of polyphenol extracts from granadilla inhibits interleukin-activity as an indicator of inflammation and aids in body-weight control, considering similar food intake, in overweight Wistar rats.

Desgaste proteico energético en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en estadios III a IV en Caldas, Colombia / Protein Energy Wasting in Patients with Chronic Renal Disease in Stage III to IV Caldas (Colombia)

Resumen Introducción: la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) es un problema de salud mundial con una prevalencia aproximada del 7,2 % en países desarrollados y del 10 % en todo el mundo; además, es un factor independiente de morbilidad y riesgo cardiovascular que se caracteriza por la pérdida progresiva de la función renal. Objetivo: evaluar la frecuencia de desgaste proteico energético (DPE) en pacientes con ERC en estadios III a IV. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo y de corte transversal. Se realizó una evaluación de los registros de las base de datos de la Sociedad Internacional de Nutrición y Metabolismo Renal sobre pacientes con ERC que contaran con variables sociodemográficas, bioquímicas, valoración global subjetiva (VGS) y medidas antropométricas para el diagnóstico de DPE. Resultados: de 200 pacientes revisados en consulta externa de Nefrología, 60 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. El promedio de edad fue de 68,4 años, con una media de tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG) de 47,1 mL/min. Respecto a la ERC, el 61,66 % (n=37) de los participantes fue clasificado en estadio IIIa; el 31,6 % (n=19), en estadio IIIb, y el 6,66 % (n=4), en estadio IV. Ninguno de los pacientes cumplió con los criterios para el DPE. La evaluación de la VGS mostró que el 53,33 % (n=32) de los pacientes estaba en categoría VGS-A (bien nutridos), el 45 % (n=27) en VGS-B (malnutrición moderada) y solo un paciente en VGS-C (malnutrición grave). La mayor proporción de pacientes con bajos niveles de albúmina y colesterol estuvo en pacientes con ERC en estadio IIIb, y los pacientes con índice de masa corporal <23, en estadios IIIb y IV. Conclusión: según los criterios de la Sociedad Internacional de Nutrición y Metabolismo Renal, ningún paciente presentó DPE.

Abstract Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition that is recognized as a global health problem and has an approximate prevalence of 7.2% in developed countries, and 10% in the world population, it is also an independent factor of cardiovascular morbidity and risk characterized by progressive loss of kidney function. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of DPE in patients with CKD stages III to IV. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Evaluation of a database of patients with CKD, which will have sociodemographic, biochemical variables, Subjective Global Assessment (VGS), and anthropometric measures, for the diagnosis of DPE of the International Society for Nutrition and Renal Metabolism. Results: Of 200 reviewed patients from the Nephrology outpatient clinic, 60 met the inclusion criteria. The average age was 68.4 years, with a mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 47.1ml / min. Regarding CKD, 61.66% (37) of the patients classified in stage IIIa, 31.6% (19) in stage IIIb, and 6.66% (4) in stage IV. None of the patients met the criteria for DPE. The VGS evaluation showed that 53.33% (32) of the patients were in the VGS A category (well nourished), 45% (27) VGS B (moderate malnutrition) and only one patient was classified as VGS C (severe malnutrition). The highest proportion of patients with low levels of albumin and cholesterol was in patients with CKD stage IIIb, and patients with BMI less than 23 in stages IIIb and IV. Conclusion: According to the criteria of the International Society for Renal Nutrition and Metabolism, no patient had DPE. outpatient clinic in Caldas, with CKD stages III to IV-. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Evaluation of a database of patients with CKD, which will have sociodemographic, biochemical variables, Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), and anthropometric measures, for the diagnosis of PEW of the International Society for Nutrition and Renal Metabolism. RESULTS: Of200 reviewed patients from the Nephrology outpatient clinic, 60 met the inclusion criteria. The average age was 68.4 years, with a mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 47.1ml / min. Regarding CKD, 61.66% (37) of the patients were classified in stage IIIa, 31.6% (19) in stage IIIb, and 6.66% (4) in stage IV. None of the patients met the criteria for PEW. The SGA evaluation showed that 53.33% (32) of the patients were in SGAA category (well nourished), 45% (27) SGA B (moderate malnutrition) and only one patient was classified as SGA C (severe malnutrition). The highest proportion of patients with low albumin and cholesterol levels was in patients with CKD in stage IIIb, and patients with BMI less than 23 in stages IIIb and IV. Conclusion: According to the criteria of the International Society for Nutrition and Renal Metabolism, no patient had PEW.

Bioelectrical impedance analysis and dual x-ray absorptiometry agreement for skeletal muscle mass index evaluation in sarcopenia diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: All definitions for diagnosing sarcopenia include the estimation of muscle mass. This can be made using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) or dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). BIA is a portable and inexpensive method suitable for clinical settings, while DXA is cumbersome, more expensive and less available. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the interchangeability of both techniques for skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) estimation, and assess whether the two methods are comparable for the diagnosis of sarcopenia. APPROACH: Prospective, cross-sectional study. SETTING: Faculty for Health Sciences, Universidad de Caldas, Colombia. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-two subjects aged 65-80 years were recruited. MEASUREMENTS: BIA and DXA for SMI estimation and sarcopenia diagnoses using the definition of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP). Of the 72 patients, 28 were diagnosed with sarcopenia by BIA and corroborated by DXA were included in the study. To establish the agreement between techniques, the intraclass correlation coefficient and the concordance correlation coefficient were calculated. A Bland-Altman plot evaluated the agreement. To evaluate agreement on the diagnosis of sarcopenia, a Cohen's kappa test was performed. MAIN RESULTS: Agreement between SMI by BIA and DXA was good according to the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 0.7 95% CI 0.5 to 0.8) but poor when the concordance correlation coefficient was used (CCC 0.4 was calculated 95% CI 0.3 to 0.5). The Bland-Altman analysis showed a clinically unacceptable discrepancy between the methods; the confidence intervals were too wide; the difference between methods tends to get larger as the average increases and the scatter around the bias line get larger as the average gets higher. Cohen's kappa test was 0.2 (SEE: 0.1). SIGNIFICANCE: The agreement between BIA and DXA was weak. We concluded that, in this studied population, the methods were not interchangeable. Results may improve if a specific formula in a greater sample size is used.

Polyphenol Extracts from Three Colombian Passifloras (Passion Fruits) Prevent Inflammation-Induced Barrier Dysfunction of Caco-2 Cells.

Chronic intestinal inflammation is associated with pathophysiology of obesity and inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastrointestinal inflammation increases barrier dysfunction exacerbating the immune response and perpetuating chronic inflammation. Anti-inflammatory flavonoids may prevent this intestinal barrier dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the polyphenol composition of Colombian Passiflora edulis var. Flavicarpa (Maracuyá), Passiflora edulis var. Sims (Gulupa), and Passiflora ligularis var. Juss (Granadilla) (passion fruits) and to evaluate their ability to inhibit disruption of intestinal barrier dysfunction of Caco-2 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) cells by an inflammatory cocktail (IC). Polyphenols (flavan-3-ols, phenolic acids, flavonols), xanthenes, and a terpene were identified in passion fruits. Cyanidin 3-rutinoside, (+)-catechin and ferulic acid were the most abundant phenolics in P. edulis var. Flavicarpa, P. edulis var. Sims, and P. ligularis var. Juss, respectively. Fruit extracts prevented loss of transepithelial electrical resistance in Caco-2 cells treated with the IC. Among the extracts, P. ligularis var. Juss was most effective at maintaining Caco-2 transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) with ~73% relative to the IC-treated cells with about 43% of initial TEER values. This fruit had cyanidin-3-rutinoside, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, and ferulic acid in its phenolic profile. Results of this work support the hypothesis that consumption of passion fruit extracts could benefit intestinal health.

Puntos de corte provisionales para el diagnóstico de sarcopenia en ancianos de Caldas, Colombia / Provisional cut-off points for the diagnosis of sarcopenia in elderly people from Caldas (Colombia)

Introducción. La sarcopenia es la disminución de masa muscular y la consecuente reducción del rendimiento y de la función física. Su aparición puede ser indicativa de riesgo de otras condiciones en los ancianos, y su diagnóstico requiere la comparación con los datos sobre la composición corporal de la población joven sana para establecer valores de referencia de la disminución de la masa muscular. Objetivo. Establecer puntos provisionales de corte recolectados mediante bioimpedancia eléctrica para el diagnóstico de sarcopenia en ancianos caldenses a partir de los datos de la composición muscular esquelética de jóvenes. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron las mediciones de la composición corporal de jóvenes sanos entre los 18 y los 35 años de edad tomadas mediante bioimpedancia eléctrica con base en las cuales se estableció el índice de masa muscular esquelética. Se aplicó la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para evaluar la normalidad de los datos y se estableció el promedio de dicho índice con sus desviaciones estándar tanto para hombres como para mujeres. Resultados. A partir de estos datos, se estableció como bajo un índice de masa muscular esquelética con un valor de dos desviaciones estándar por debajo de la media del índice en jóvenes. En las mujeres el valor fue de 6,42 kg/m2 y, en hombres, de 8,39 kg/m2. Conclusión. Estos valores son similares a los determinados por algunos autores en población asiática, lo que evidencia que esta tiene características de composición corporal similares a la población de estudio. Hasta donde se sabe, este es el primer estudio que ofrece una descripción de la composición corporal muscular esquelética en jóvenes colombianos y establece puntos de corte para el diagnóstico de sarcopenia en ancianos de esta región centro-andina del país.

Introduction: Sarcopenia is defined as a decrease in muscle mass associated with the reduction of performance and physical function. It is an indicator of adverse outcomes in elderly people. Its diagnosis requires body composition data of healthy young population to establish reference values of low muscle mass. Objective: To establish a provisional cut-off point for sarcopenia in the elderly population from Caldas based on the skeletal muscle composition data of young people using electric bioimpedance. Materials and methods: Body composition data from healthy young people (18 to 35 years old) were used to calculate the skeletal muscle mass index. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to evaluate the normality of the data and then the average and standard deviation of muscle mass index were established for both men and women. Results: Based on these data, we established as low muscle mass a skeletal muscle mass index of two standard deviations below the mean of the muscular mass index in young people. The cut-off points were 6.42 kg/m2 and 8.39 kg/m2 for women and men, respectively. Conclusion: This is the first study that offers a description of skeletal muscle body composition in young Colombians and provides cut-off points for the diagnosis of sarcopenia in the elderly population from the Central-Andean region. The data gathered are similar to those proposed by some Asian authors, which shows that the population of this Colombian region has body composition characteristics similar to those from Asia.

Looking for optimum ECG electrodes for bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The need for evaluation.

BACKGROUND: The accuracy and precision of the BIA method is affected by the electrode system. Failing to adjust for differences in it may result in systematic biases of up to 5.2%. METHODS: Forty females ranging from 18 to 24 years, with a body mass index (BMI) of 18.6 to 27.6 kg/m2, were measured by BIA in the frequency range 5 to 500 kHz using the manufacturers recommended electrodes and two types of commercial ECG electrodes (3M-2228 and 3M-2330). RESULTS: The two types of ECG electrodes performed well, but at high frequencies 2330 performed better. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that when electrodes recommended by the equipment manufacturer are not available, ECG electrodes with the best performance should be used. In this way, it will be possible to predict and prevent inadequate records of electrical signals.

Componentes mental y físico en universitarios con obesidad / Mental and physical components in college students with obesity

la obesidad se correlaciona con comorbilidades, dentro de la dimensión biopsicosocial, que afectan la calidad de vida. Para confirmar esta hipótesis se organizó un programa de acondicionamiento físico moderado en el que participaron 58 jóvenes con obesidad, estudiantes de la Universidad de Caldas (Colombia). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto de dicho programa en los componentes físico y mental de los participantes, mediante el cuestionario de salud SF-36. Los resultados fueron medidos con la prueba estadística de Wilcoxon y la significancia de las diferencias con una p < 0.05. Por otra parte, el acondicionamiento en los aspectos físicos y mentales fueron valorados como esfuerzos intensos (p=0,034), esfuerzos moderados (p=0,034), autopercepción de salud (p=0,003), autopercepción de enfermedad (p=0,049), vitalidad (p=0,012), salud mental (p=0,09) y transición de salud (p=0,006). En conclusión, los aspectos físicos, cuyos índices eran los más bajos al inicio de la intervención, obtuvieron una mayor mejoría; mientras que los aspectos mentales, los cuales eran percibidos como los menos alterados, presentaron pocas diferencias

the obesity is associated with comorbidities, within the biopsychosocial realm, affecting the quality of life. To confirm this hypothesis a fitness program was organized. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the program on the physical and mental components of its participants, whose were 58 young students from the University of Caldas (Colombia) with obesity. The results were measured with the Wilcoxon test and statistical significance of differences with p <0.05. On the other hand, the conditioning in physical and mental aspects were valued as extensive efforts (p=0.034), moderate exercise (p=0.034), self-rated health (p=0.003), perception of illness (p=0.049), vitality (p=0.012), mental health (p=0.09) and health transition (p=0.006). In conclusion, the physical aspects, which were the lowest at the beginning of the intervention, obtained more improvement; while the mental aspects, which were perceived as less restrictive, showed little difference.

An anthropometric and physical condition assessment of university students attending a food assistance program in colombia / Evaluación antropométrica y de la condición física en estudiantes universitarios, beneficiarios de un programa de asistencia alimentaria en colombia

ABSTRACT The university life implies significant changes in the food habits and physical activities. The university students usually don't fulfill neither the recommended nutritional requirements nor the physical condition advises. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional state and physical condition in Colombian university students attending to a food assistance program. It was a descriptive cross-sectional study with undergraduate students from the University of Caldas, Colombia. Anthropometric measurements (e.g. height, weight, biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds, arm and waist circumferences) were taken. Besides, functional manual pressure tests and the Harvard step test were performed. The correlation between anthropometrical and functional variables was calculated. According to the Body mass index (BMI), 22.4% from 420 students had malnutrition. The weight excess was 3.6 times bigger than undernourishment (17.9 compared to 4.5%). However, when the body fat was measured the situation got worse: the 46.4% of them had fat excess. The women were the most affected. The waist circumference showed a fat distribution with abdominal predominance in 14% of the population. The forearm strength and muscle mass were decreased in almost the 50% of men and 30% of women. The physical condition was inappropriate for the 38.1% of participants with a greater alteration in the men. Contradicting the assumptions, it has found out that around 50% of the public university students and beneficiaries of a food assistance program had body fat excess and an inappropriate physical condition. Efforts to improve the physical activity and food habits must be carried out. At the same time, the impact of the malnutrition in health and academic efficiency must be reduced.

RESUMEN La etapa universitaria conlleva cambios significativos en los hábitos de alimentación y en la actividad física. Los estudiantes universitarios usualmente no cumplen los requerimientos nutricionales ni de condición física recomendados. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el estado nutricional y la condición física de estudiantes de universidad pública, pertenecientes a un programa de asistencia alimentaria. Como método investigativo se empleó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en estudiantes de pregrado de la Universidad de Caldas, Colombia. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas de estatura, peso, pliegue bicipital, tricipital, subescapular y suprailiaco, circunferencia de la cintura y del brazo. Además, se realizaron pruebas funcionales de fuerza de prensión manual y test de banco de Harvard. Se calcularon las correlaciones entre variables antropométricas y funcionales. De acuerdo al índice de masa corporal, de 420 estudiantes, 22,4% presentaban malnutrición. El exceso de peso fue 3,6 veces mayor que la desnutrición (17,9 vs. 4,5%). Sin embargo, al medir la grasa corporal la situación empeoró: el 46,4% de ellos tenían exceso de grasa, siendo las mujeres las más afectadas. La circunferencia de la cintura mostró una distribución de la grasa con un predominio abdominal en el 14% de la población. La fuerza y la masa muscular del antebrazo estuvieron disminuidas en casi el 50% de los hombres y el 30% de las mujeres. La condición física fue inadecuada en el 38,1% de los estudiantes y fue mayor en los hombres. Contrario a lo que podría suponerse en estudiantes de una universidad pública y beneficiarios de un programa de asistencia alimentaria, cerca del 50% presentaron exceso de grasa corporal y una inadecuada condición física. Deben hacerse esfuerzos para mejorar los hábitos de alimentación y actividad física, reduciendo el impacto que tiene la malnutrición en el rendimiento académico y en la salud.

Provisional cut-off points for the diagnosis of sarcopenia in elderly people from Caldas (Colombia) / Puntos de corte provisionales para el diagnóstico de sarcopenia en ancianos de Caldas, Colombia

Introduction: Sarcopenia is defined as a decrease in muscle mass associated with the reduction of performance and physical function. It is an indicator of adverse outcomes in elderly people. Its diagnosis requires body composition data of healthy young population to establish reference values of low muscle mass. Objective: To establish a provisional cut-off point for sarcopenia in the elderly population from Caldas based on the skeletal muscle composition data of young people using electric bioimpedance. Materials and methods: Body composition data from healthy young people (18 to 35 years old) were used to calculate the skeletal muscle mass index. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to evaluate the normality of the data and then the average and standard deviation of muscle mass index were established for both men and women. Results: Based on these data, we established as low muscle mass a skeletal muscle mass index of two standard deviations below the mean of the muscular mass index in young people. The cut-off points were 6.42 kg/m2 and 8.39 kg/m2 for women and men, respectively. Conclusion: This is the first study that offers a description of skeletal muscle body composition in young Colombians and provides cut-off points for the diagnosis of sarcopenia in the elderly population from the Central-Andean region. The data gathered are similar to those proposed by some Asian authors, which shows that the population of this Colombian region has body composition characteristics similar to those from Asia.

Introducción. La sarcopenia es la disminución de masa muscular y la consecuente reducción del rendimiento y de la función física. Su aparición puede ser indicativa de riesgo de otras condiciones en los ancianos, y su diagnóstico requiere la comparación con los datos sobre la composición corporal de la población joven sana para establecer valores de referencia de la disminución de la masa muscular.Objetivo. Establecer puntos provisionales de corte recolectados mediante bioimpedancia eléctrica para el diagnóstico de sarcopenia en ancianos caldenses a partir de los datos de la composición muscular esquelética de jóvenes.Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron las mediciones de la composición corporal de jóvenes sanos entre los 18 y los 35 años de edad tomadas mediante bioimpedancia eléctrica con base en las cuales se estableció el índice de masa muscular esquelética. Se aplicó la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para evaluar la normalidad de los datos y se estableció el promedio de dicho índice con sus desviaciones estándar tanto para hombres como para mujeres.Resultados. A partir de estos datos, se estableció como bajo un índice de masa muscular esquelética con un valor de dos desviaciones estándar por debajo de la media del índice en jóvenes. En las mujeres el valor fue de 6,42 kg/m2 y, en hombres, de 8,39 kg/m2.Conclusión. Estos valores son similares a los determinados por algunos autores en población asiática, lo que evidencia que esta tiene características de composición corporal similares a la población de estudio. Hasta donde se sabe, este es el primer estudio que ofrece una descripción de la composición corporal muscular esquelética en jóvenes colombianos y establece puntos de corte para el diagnóstico de sarcopenia en ancianos de esta región centro-andina del país.

Investigación en la Facultad de Ciencias para la Salud,Universidad de Caldas (Colombia), en el contexto Iberoamericano / Pesquisa na Facultade de Ciencias para a Saúde, Universidade de Caldas (Colômbia), no contexto Iberoamericano / Research in the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Caldas (Colombia) in the Ibero-american context

Objetivo: Analizar la producción científica en la Facultad de Ciencias para la Salud de la Universidad de Caldas (Manizales, Colombia) entre los años 1996-2009, a la luz de indicadores internacionales. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron los indicadores definidos en la plataforma SCIMAGO: Índice h, Producción Científica, Colaboración Internacional, Calidad Científica Promedio y Porcentaje de Publicaciones en Revistas del Primer Cuartil SJR. Resultados: De acuerdo a la producción científica y el Producto Interno Bruto, Colombia ocupa el lugar 55 en el mundo y 35 en Latinoamérica. La Universidad de Caldas se encuentra en el puesto 11 entre las universidades colombianas, con 158 de los productos en SCOPUS, de los cuales 105 son de la Facultad de Ciencias para la Salud. De ellos, 40% fue publicado en inglés, 59% en español y 1% en portugués. Los mayores índices h fueron de 5 para un individuo, 7 para un departamento, y 8 para un grupo. Sin embargo, al parecer, no hay una buena correlación entre el índice nativo de Colombia utilizado por COLCIENCIAS (Scienticol) para la clasificación de grupos y los índices internacionales cienciométricos comprobados y bien documentados. Conclusión: La posición de Colombia en el ámbito mundial y latinoamericano puede considerarse como aceptable, aunque su producción científica, en cuanto a número de documentos, está muy por debajo de la de otros países, incluidos los latinoamericanos. Los esfuerzos realizados por la Universidad de Caldas son positivos, pero deben intensificarse para responder al reto social e histórico de la Institución

Objective: To analyze the scientific research at the Faculty for Health Sciences at Universidad de Caldas (Manizales, Colombia) between 1996-2009, in the light of international indicators. Materials and Methods: The following indicators defined in the platform SCIMAGO were used: h index, Scientific Production, International Collaboration, Quality and Percent Average, Scientific Journal Publications of the First Quartile SJR. Results: According to scientific production and GDP, Colombia is ranked 55 in the world and 35 in Latin America. Universidad de Caldas is in the 11th place among Colombian Universities, with 158 products in SCOPUS, from which 105 belongs to the Faculty for Health Sciences. Forty percent was published in English, 59% in Spanish and 1% in Portuguese. The highest h indexes were 5 for an individual, 7 for a department, and 8 for a group. However, apparently, there is not a good correlation between the Colombian native index used by COLCIENCIAS (Scienticol) for classification of groups and the international scientometric scores verified and well documented. Conclusion: The position of Colombia in the global and Latin America environment may be considered acceptable, although its scientific production, in terms of number of documents, is well below other countries. The efforts made by Universidad de Caldas are positive, but should be intensified in order to meet the social and historical challenge of this institution

Objetivo: Analisar a produção científica na Faculdade de Ciências para a Saúde da Universidade de Caldas (Manizales, Colômbia) entre os anos 1996-2009, à luz de indicadores internacionais. Materiais e Métodos: Utilizaram se os indicadores definidos na plataforma SCIMAGO: índice h, Produção Cientifica, Colaboração Internacional, Qualidade Cientifica Media e Porcentagem de publicações em Revistas do Primeiro Cuartil SJR. Resultados: De acordo à produção cientifica e o Produto Interno Bruto; Colômbia ocupa o lugar 55 no mundo e 35 em latino-américa. A Universidade de Caldas se encontra no posto 11 entre as universidades colombianas, com 158 dos produtos em SCOPUS, dos quais 105 são da Faculdade de Ciências para a Saúde. Deles, 40% foi publicado em inglês, 59% em espanhol e 1% em português. Os maiores índices h foram de 5 para um individuo, 7 para um departamento, e 8 para um grupo. Porém, ao parecer, não há uma boa correlação entre o índice nativo de Colômbia utilizado por COLCIENCIAS (Scienticol) para a classificação de grupos e os índices internacionais ciencio - métricos comprovados e bem documentados. Conclusão: A posição de Colômbia no âmbito mundial e latino-americano pode considerar se como aceitável, embora sua produção científica, em quanto ao numero de documentos, esta muito abaixo da de outros países, incluídos os latino-americanos. Os esforços realizados pela Universidade de Caldas são positivos, mas devem intensificar se para responder ao reto social e histórico da Instituição

Probióticos en rrevención primaria de la dermattis atópica en infantes con rieesgo de padecerla: metaanálisis / Prbiotics in priimary prevention of atopic dermatiis in infants aat risk of suffering it: metaanalysis

Antecedentes: Los estudios reportan diferentes protocolos para evaluar el efecto de los probióticos en pacientes con alto riesgo de padecer dermatitis atópica, produciendo hallazgos conflictivos. Para dilucidar el efecto de su administración durante el embarazo, se realizó un metaanálisis de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados doble ciego. Métodos: La búsqueda bibliográfica abarcó PubMed, ScienceDirect, Proquest y Ovid. Se usaron las palabras clave ATOPIC DERMATITIS AND PROBIOTICS. La variable de desenlace fue incidencia de dermatitis atópica. Para evaluar la calidad de los artículos se usó la escala de calidad metodológica de Cho & Bero. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó RevMan 5.1 y el método de Mantel-Haenszel con modelos de efecto fijo y aleatorio. La heterogeneidad se evaluó mediante la prueba de X² y los sesgos de publicación se examinaron mediante el gráfico en embudo y la prueba estadística de Egger. Resultados: Se incluyeron siete estudios en la investigación en los cuales se analizaron 1237 infantes. Se encontró que el uso de probióticos durante el embarazo disminuye el riesgo de dermatitis atópica en los infantes con un Odds Ratio de 0,64 y con intervalos de confianza del 95% entre 0,50-0,82.

Background: Several studies have used different protocols to evaluate the effect of probiotics in patients at high risk of suffering atopic dermatitis, producing conflicting results. A meta-analysis of randomized double-blind clinical trials was conducted was to elucidate the effect of its use during pregnancy. Methods: The literature search included the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Proquest, and Ovid databases. The keywords were probiotics ATOPIC DERMATITIS and atopic dermatitis. PROBIOTICS. The outcome variable was the incidence of atopic dermatitis. The Cho and Bero scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the articles. For statistical analysis the RevMan 5.1 software and the Mantel-Haenszel test using fixed and ramdomized models were used. Calculations were performed by using the fixed and random effects models. Heterogeneity was examined using the X² test and publication bias was assessed by using the funnel plot and the Egger's statistical test. Results: Seven studies including 1,237 children were analyzed. It was found that the use of probiotics during pregnancy reduces the risk of atopic dermatitis in infants with an odds ratio of 0.64 and confidence intervals of 95% from 0.5 to 0.82.

Fuerza de presinn manual y correlación con indiadores antropométricos y condicción física en estudiantes universitaroos / Manual pessure fforce and correlation wih anthropometric and physical ccondition in college suudents

Introducción: La fuerza de prensión manual (FPM) ha sido ampliamente utilizada como un test para evaluar la función muscular desde finales del siglo XIX. A partir de la década de los 80 se empezó a estudiar su relación con el estado nutricional, especialmente en el medio hospitalario. Actualmente el test se considera un marcador sensible del estado nutricional en este ámbito. El objetivo de este estudio es examinar la correlación entre la FPM y algunas variables antropométricas y de la condición física, para determinar su utilidad como herramienta complementaria en la valoración y diagnóstico nutricional a nivel ambulatorio. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluaron 92 estudiantes beneficiarios de un subsidio de alimentación (46 hombres y 46 mujeres) en edades entre los 17 y los 34 años, a los cuales se les determinó el peso, estatura, 4 pliegues de grasa subcutánea, circunferencia de la cintura, test de banco de Harvard y FPM. Resultados y Discusión: Se encontró una correlación positiva entre la FPM y el índice de masa corporal alterado (r = 0,84) y con el porcentaje de grasa elevado (r = 1,0) en los hombres. En las mujeres las correlaciones no fueron concluyentes (r = 0,07, -0,4). No se encontró correlación estadística al analizar la FPM versus la condición física por género. Conclusiones: La FPM podría ser indicador útil en estudios de valoración nutricional en hombres jóvenes, sin embargo se requieren más estudios para evaluar su utilidad en mujeres.

Introduction: Handgrip strength testing (HGS) has been widely used as a test to evaluate muscle function since the XIX century. From the 80's, researchers began to study its relationship with nutritional status, especially in the clinical setting. Nowadays, the test is considered as a sensible marker of nutritional status in hospitals. The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between handgrip strength and some anthropometric and physical status variables to determine its usefulness as a complementary tool in the outpatient assessment nutritional diagnosis. Materials and Methods: Ninety-two (92) students beneficiary of a food subsidy (46 men - 46 women), aged 17-37 years underwent a nutritional assessment by measuring weight, height, subcutaneous skin folds, waist circumference, Harvard bench step test, and HGS. Results and Discussion: A positive correlation was found between HGS and altered body mass index (r = 0.84) and with high fat mass percentage (r = 1.0) in men. In women these correlations were not significant (r = 0.07, -0.4). When analyzing the correlation between HGS and physical status by gender, the results were not conclusive. Conclusions: HGS could be a useful marker in nutritional assessment studies in young men, however, more studies are required to evaluate its usefulness in women.

Educación fisica desde la corporeidad y la motricidad: [revisión] / Physical education out from corporeity and motor function: [review] / Educação física desde a corporeidade e a motricidade: [revisão]

Objetivos: hacer una revisión de la evolución de la educación física de acuerdo con los conceptos de cuerpo, movimiento, motricidad y corporeidad. Material y Métodos: selección y análisis de artículos de MEDLINE, LILACS, IBEC, Scielo, Science Direct, Jstor y Google Académico sobre los conceptos de cuerpo y corporeidad, movimiento y motricidad, y educación física y ciencia de la motricidad humana. Resultados: se encontró que aún persiste en la escuela una educación basada en el dualismo mentecuerpo, en la visión de un cuerpo-máquina y en una educación física que forma para la disciplina, el rendimiento y la competencia. Esto ocurre a pesar de las nuevas miradas sobre el cuerpo y de los avances teóricos realizados en la educación física y en la educación motriz. Conclusiones: es necesario incorporar la educación motriz en todos los niveles de formación de los individuos y lograr que la corporeidad y la motricidad sean protagonistas.

Objective: to review the evolution of Physical Education according to the concepts of body, movement, motor function and corporeity. Material and Methods: selection and analysis of articles from MEDLINE, LILACS, IBEC, Scielo, Science Direct, Jstor and Academic Google about the concepts of body and corporeity, movement and motor function, Physical Education and Human Motor Function Science. Results: it was found that in the school there is still an education based in the mind-body dualism, under the vision of a body-machine and a Physical Education that educates for discipline, performance and competition. This happens in spite of the new views about the body and the theoretical advances carried out by Physical Education and motor education. Conclusion: It is necessary to incorporate motor education to all education levels of individuals and make corporeity and motor functions main protagonists.

Objetivo: revisar a evolução da educação física de acordo com os conceitos de corpo, movimiento motricidade e corporeidade. Materiais e Métodos: seleção e análise de artigos pesquisados no Medline, Lilacs, IBEC, Scielo, Science Direct, JSTOR e Google Acadêmico, utilizando os termos de corpo, corporeidade, movimento, motricidade, educação física e ciência da motricidade humana como palavras-chave. Resultados: Verificou-se que ainda há uma educação escolar baseada no dualismo corpo-mente, na visão de uma interface de máquina-corpo e um de educação física para o desempenho, disciplina e competição. Isso acontece apesar das novas abordagens sobre o corpo e os avanços teóricos em educação física. Conclusões: é necessário incluir a educação física em todos os níveis de formação humana e esperar que a corporeidade ea motricidade ser os protagonistas.

Globesidad y su posible componente infeccioso / Globesity and its possible infectious component

La hiperadiposidad o exceso de grasa corporal, usualmente clasificada como sobrepeso u obesidad, se ha constituido en una pandemia a la cual algunos autores han dado el nombre de Globesidad (obesidad global). Este enorme problema de salud pública afecta no sólo al mundo desarrollado, sino, igualmente, al mundo en vías de desarrollo. Tradicionalmente se ha pensado que el exceso de grasa se debe a un resultado positivo de la simple ecuación “Balance energético = consumo energético – gasto energético”. Es decir que si las personas no gastan toda su ingesta energética, la parte no consumida se acumula bajo la forma de grasa. Esto, a su vez, estaría favorecido, en algunos casos y en cierta medida, por un componenteenético. No obstante, investigaciones recientes han demostrado que la microbiota intestinal (virus y bacterias, especialmente del colon) juega un papel importante en la génesis del sobrepeso y la obesidad. Aunque los mecanismos específicos mediante los cuales se da esta relación aún están por definir, se proponen dos hasta ahora: a) aumento de la absorción de monosacáridos debido a un incremento de la actividad de glicosilhidrolasas, b) aumento de la absorción de ácidos grasos libres por inhibición de la fiaf (fasting induced adipocite factor). Lo anterior abre la puerta a la posibilidad de que la manipulación de la microbiota colónica mediante prebióticos, probióticos, simbióticos y antibióticos se constituya en una alternativa terapéutica para el exceso de grasa. El presente artículo es una revisión de los aspectos más importantes relacionados con esta problemática, de interés para todo el personal de salud.

Hyperadiposity or excess of body fat, usually classified as overweight or obesity, has become a pandemic, named by some authors as “Globesity” (a blend of Global Obesity”). This huge public health problem affects not only the developed world but also developing countries. It has been customary to consider that excess fat originates from a positive result in the simple equation “energy balance = caloric intake – caloric expenditure”. In other words, if a person does not use up all their calorie intake, this will be stored as fat tissue. This may be also favored by a genetic component. Recent research, however, has shown that the intestinal microbiota (virus and bacteria manly located in the colon), plays an important role in the genesis of overweight and obesity. Although the exact mechanisms underlying this relationship are still to be clarified, there are at least two proposed ways: a) an increase in the intestinal absorption of monosaccharides due to an increased glocosilhydrolase activity, and b) an increase in free fatty acids intestinal absorption due to Fiaf (fasting induced adipocite factor) inhibition. These facts open the possibility of manipulating the colonic microbiota through prebiotics, probiotics, simbiotics and antibiotics as a therapeutic alternative to the treatment of hyperadiposity. The present paper reviews the main issues involved in this problem, considered to be of interest for everybody involved in health care.